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CHLORINE DIOXIDE TRUE GAS STERILISATION

Castium’s ‘Chlorine Dioxide Sterilisation service’ uses ClO2 gas generators which produce a pure chlorine dioxide gas, without the acidic byproducts typical of other chlorine dioxide products. Our ClO2 gas is generated and introduced at room temperatures, meaning there is no concern over temperature sensitive materials or components being affected.

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As an EPA registered and FDA approved sterilant, CD true gas is a safer alternative to Formaldehyde and Ethylene Oxide.

CLO2 STRATEGICAL ADVANTAGES

  • Low Temperature Sterilisation
  • Fast cycle times
  • Non-Carcinogenic
  • Dry Sterilisation
  • Residue free
  • Non-corrosive
  • Not a Greenhouse Gas

CASTIUM’S STRATEGICAL ADVANTAGES

  • On site/off site services
  • Rapid response teams
  • Large scale capability
  • Realtime monitoring system
  • Experienced consultants
  • Independantly validated
  • Bespoke CLO2 programmes

WHAT IS CHLORINE DIOXIDE GAS

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a green gas formed following a chemical created by passing specific levels of nitrogen and 2% chlorine through our patented cartridges, creating a dry chemical reaction which releases the ClO2 gas. This gas provides a powerful, safe, oxidising agent that is effective against a wide range of contaminants.

Chlorine-Dioxide-2

Castium’s Chlorine Dioxide systems are a true gas. A single molecule measures in at 0.124nm making it an exceptionally versatile decontaminant capable of penetrating a variety of challenging materials.

THE CYCLE

Similar to all other decontamination methods, Castium’s CD True Gas decontamination consists of a multi-step process. These are categorised into 5 steps;

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Pre-condition

Because CD is not a moisture producing process it allows for low humidity cycles and the ability to maintain very accurate RH levels.

Condition

A hold time is implemented once a relative humidity set point has been reached to ensure stable conditions throughout the gassing phase.

Charge

The charge phase delivers a pre-calculated volume of chlorine dioxide gas into the target area at specific pressures.

Exposure

A predetermined exposure will be completed to achieve the correct PPM hours to inactivate the target contamination.

Aeration

Lowering the PPM concentration to below the safe work exposure limit (EL) to successfully complete the cycle.

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EFFICACY

Chlorine dioxide is highly effective against fungi, viruses, bacteria and spores both in the laboratory and in real-world settings. Extensive testing has been done using chlorine dioxide on a multitude of specific organisms and that information can be found in each of the listed tables below. To date, no organism tested against chlorine dioxide gas has proven resistant.

BACTERIA

Blakeslea trispora 28
Bordetella bronchiseptica 8
Brucella suis 30
Burkholderia spp. 36
Campylobacter jejuni 39
Clostridium botulinum 32
Clostridium dificile 44
Corynebacterium bovis 8
Coxiella burneti (Q-fever) 35
E. coli spp.1,3,13
Erwinia carotovora (soft rot) 21
Franscicella tularensis 30
Fusarium sambucinum (dry rot) 21
Helicobacter pylori 8
Helminthosporium solani (silver scurf) 21
Klebsiella pneumonia 3

Lactobacillus spp. 1,5
Legionella spp. 38,42
Leuconostoc spp. 1,5
Listeria spp. 1,19
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 3
Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella typhimurium 3
Mycobacterium spp. 8,42
Pediococcus acidilactici PH 31
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3,8
Salmonella spp. 1,2,4,8,13
Shigella 38
Staphylococcus spp. 1,23
Tuberculosis 3
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis 3
Vibrio spp. 37
Yersinia spp. 30,31,40

BACTERIAL SPORES

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris 17
Bacillus spp. 10,11,12,14,30,31
Clostridium. sporogenes ATCC 19404 12

Geobacillus stearothermophilus spp. 11,31
Bacillus thuringiensis 18

VIRUSES

Adenovirus Type 40 6
Calicivirus 42
Canine Parvovirus 8
Coronavirus 3
Feline Calici Virus 3
Foot and Mouth disease 8
Hantavirus 8
Hepatitis A, B & C Virus 3,8
Human coronavirus 8
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 3
Human Rotavirus type 2 (HRV) 15
Influenza A 22
Minute Virus of Mouse (MVM-i) 8

Mouse Hepatitis Virus spp. 8
Mouse Parvovirus type 1 (MPV-1) 8
Murine Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 (Sendai) 8
Newcastle Disease Virus 8
Norwalk Virus 8
Poliovirus 20
Rotavirus 3
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 43
Sialodscryoadenitis Virus 8
Simian rotavirus SA-11 15
Theiler’s Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus 8
Vaccinia Virus 10

ALGAE, FUNGI, MOLD, & YEAST

Alternaria alternata 26
Aspergillus spp. 12,28
Botrytis species 3
Candida spp. 5, 28
Chaetomium globosum 7
Cladosporium cladosporioides 7
Debaryomyces etchellsii 28
Eurotium spp. 5
Fusarium solani 3
Lodderomyces elongisporus 28

Mucor spp. 28
Penicillium spp. 3,5,7,28
Phormidium boneri 3
Pichia pastoris 3
Poitrasia circinans 28
Rhizopus oryzae 28
Roridin A 33
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3
Stachybotrys chartarum 7
Verrucarin A 33

PROTOZOA

Chironomid larvae 27
Cryptosporidium 34
Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts 9

Cyclospora cayetanensis Oocysts 41
Giardia 34

SPECIALIST CONTAMINATIONS

The versatility and unique oxidising power of Castium’s CD true gas provides decontamination solutions for some of the most challenging contaminants, including…

Beta Lactam

Beta Lactam or β-lactams are antibiotics possessing a β-lactam ring nucleus such as: penicillins, penicillin derivatives (penams), carbacephems, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems. cephamycins (cephems). It is estimated around 10% of the worlds population are allergic to penicillin and other Beta-Lactam antibiotic products with the potential to cause anaphylaxis. The decontamination of Beta Lactam is heavily regulated and Castium’s Chlorine Dioxide decontamination provides recognised decontamination protocols approved by the; Food & Drug Agency (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the decontamination of Beta Lactam manufacturing facilities and equipment.

Amplicon reduction 29

Chlorine dioxide has been approved and validated by PCR equipment manufacturers as a safe method of amplicon inactivation to lower the risk of cross contamination. As Castium ClO2 systems use true gas it can work in low humidities making it safe for use on electrical and other sensitive pieces of equipment. The true gas nature allows for penetration into various materials and hard to reach areas. At Castium we provide onsite decontamination and the associated logistics services for equipment, both routine and one off.

Pinworm Syphacia 46

Working together with Fera Scientific, Castium have produced published research on the efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide against Pinworm eggs. The pinworm nematodes, Syphacia muris are a risk and challenge to research facilities housing animals and Castium’s CD true gas has proven to yield a 100% kill at varying parameters.

Volitile Organic Compounts (VOC) 47

Studies have shown an interaction between and altering of the pH values off VOC. Chlorine Dioxide has now been used for over 20 years in air scrubbing of VOCs.

Biofilms 45

A major concern in food and pharmaceutical open plant manufacture are biofilms and their impact on microbiological standards. Chlorine Dioxide true gas is used to inactivate these organisms, and routine shutdown decontaminations are becoming good practice to lower the burden and the risk of Biofilm build up.

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REFERENCES

  1. Selecting Surrogate Microorganism for Evaluation of Pathogens on Chlorine Dioxide Gas Treatment, Jeongmok Kim, Somi Koh, Arpan Bhagat, Arun K Bhunia and Richard H. Linton.Purdue University Center for Food Safety 2007 Annual Meeting October 30 – 31, 2007 at Forestry Center,West Lafayette, IN.
  2. Decontamination of produce using chlorine dioxide gas treatment, Richard Linton, Philip Nelson, Bruce Applegate, David Gerrard,Yingchang Han and Travis Selby.
  3. Chlorine Dioxide, Part 1 A Versatile, High-Value Sterilant for the Biopharmaceutical Industry, Barry Wintner, Anthony Contino, Gary O’Neill. BioProcess International DECEMBER 2005.
  4. Chlorine Dioxide Gas Decontamination of Large Animal Hospital Intensive and Neonatal Care Units, Henry S. Luftman, Michael A. Regits, Paul Lorcheim, Mark A. Czarneski,Thomas Boyle, Helen Aceto, Barbara Dallap, Donald Munro, and Kym Faylor. Applied Biosafety, 11(3) pp. 144-154 © ABSA 2006
  5. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a sanitizer for tanks used for aseptic juice storage,Y. Han, A. M. Guentert*, R. S. Smith, R. H. Linton and P. E. Nelson. Food Microbiology, 1999, 16, 53]61
  6. Inactivation of Enteric Adenovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Chlorine Dioxide,Thurston-Enriquez, J.A., APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 2005, p. 3100–3105.
  7. Effect of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Sick Building Syndrome, S. C.Wilson,* C.Wu, L. A. Andriychuk, J. M. Martin, … D. C. Straus. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 2005, p. 5399–5403.
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  10. NHSRC’s Systematic Decontamination Studies, Shawn P. Ryan, Joe Wood, G. Blair Martin,Vipin K. Rastogi (ECBC), Harry Stone (Battelle). 2007 Workshop on Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated Issues for Sites Contaminated with Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Materials Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina June 21, 2007.
  11. Validation of Pharmaceutical Processes 3rd edition, edited by Aalloco James, Carleton Frederick J. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc., 2008, p267
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  13. Inactivation kinetics of inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica on lettuce by chlorine dioxide gas. Food Microbiology Volume 25, Issue 2, February 2008, Pages 244-252, Barakat S. M. Mahmoud and R. H. Linton.
  14. Determination of the Efficacy of Two Building Decontamination Strategies by Surface Sampling with Culture and Quantitative PCR Analysis. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 2004, p. 4740–4747. Mark P. Buttner, Patricia Cruz, Linda D. Stetzenbach, Amy K. Klima-Comba,Vanessa L. Stevens, and Tracy D. Cronin
  15. Inactivation of Human and Simian Rotaviruses by Chlorine Dioxide. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 1990, p. 1363-1366.YU-SHIAW CHEN AND JAMES M.VAUGHN
  16. Information obtained from CSI internal testing with Pharmaceutical customer.May 2006 Pages 364-368
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  18. Decontamination of Bacillus thuringiensis spores on selected surfaces by chlorine dioxide gas, Han Y, Applegate B, Linton RH, Nelson PE. J Environ Health. 2003 Nov;66(4):16-21.
  19. Decontamination of Strawberries Using Batch and Continuous Chlorine Dioxide Gas Treatments,Y Han,T.L. Selby, K.K.Schultze, PE Nelson, RH Linton. Journal of Food Protection,Vol 67, NO 12, 2004.
  20. Mechanisms of Inactivation of Poliovirus by Chlorine Dioxide and Iodine, MARIA E. ALVAREZ AND R.T. O’BRIEN, APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1982, p. 1064-1071
  21. The Use of Chlorine Dioxide in potato storage, NORA OLSEN, GALE KLEINKOPF, GARY SECOR, LYNN WOODELL, AND PHIL NOLTE, University of Idaho, BUL 825.
  22. Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection Norio Ogata and Takashi Shibata Journal of General Virology (2008), 89, 60–67
  23. Preparation and evaluation of novel solid chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant powder in single-pack Zhu M, Zhang LS, Pei XF, Xu X. Biomed Environ Sci. 2008 Apr;21(2):157-62.
  24. Chlorine dioxide oxidation of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), Bakhmutova-Albert EV, et al. Inorg Chem. 2008 Mar 17;47(6):2205-11. Epub 2008 Feb 16.
  25. Oxidative elimination of cyanotoxins: comparison of ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate, Rodríguez E, Water Res. 2007 Aug;41(15):3381-93. Epub 2007 Jun 20.
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  29. Information obtained from CSI beta-lactam inactivation at Pharmaceutical facility.
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  31. Sporicidal Action of CD and VPHP Against Avirulent Bacillus anthracis – Effect of Organic Bio-Burden and Titer Challenge Level,Vipin K. Rastogi, Lanie Wallace & Lisa Smith, 2008 Workshop on Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated Issues for Sites Contaminated with Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Materials Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Research Triangle Park, NC 2008 Sept 25.
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